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Health Care Disparities in Children:
A Joint Article Collection from Journal of Pediatric Health Care and The Journal of Pediatrics
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the effects of toxic stresses in our society that stem from systematic and structural racism and inequities. Such stresses include poverty, homelessness, disabilities, unemployment, civil unrest, food insecurity, substance abuse, social isolation and limited access to care. The purpose of this virtual issue compiled by The Journal of Pediatrics and the Journal of Pediatric Health Care is to further name and explicate health care disparities in children and youth associated with toxic stress, and to highlight approaches to reduce such inequities.
The Risk of Coding Racism into Pediatric Sepsis Care: The Necessity of Antiracism in Machine Learning
Machine learning holds the possibility of improving racial health inequalities by compensating for human bias and structural racism. However, unanticipated racial biases may enter during model design, training, or implementation and perpetuate or worsen racial inequalities if ignored. Pre-existing racial health inequalities could be codified into medical care by machine learning without clinicians being aware. To illustrate the importance of a commitment to antiracism at all stages of machine learning, we examine machine learning in predicting severe sepsis in Black children, focusing on the impacts of structural racism that may be perpetuated by machine learning and difficult to discover.The Use of Race, Ethnicity, and Social Determinants of Health in Three Pediatrics Journals
To evaluate how race, ethnicity, and social determinants of health (SDOH) are reported and discussed in 3 pediatrics journals.Infant Outcomes among Teenage and Young Mothers: Racial Inequities and the Role of Educational Attainment
To examine the association of age-appropriate maternal educational attainment in teenage and young mothers on infant health outcomes across racial/ethnic groups.Association of Primary Care Shortage Areas with Adverse Outcomes after Pediatric Liver Transplant
To characterize associations between living in primary care shortage areas and graft failure/death for children after liver transplantation.Exploring the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Children and Families Cared for by Pediatric-Focused Advanced Practice Registered Nurses
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly affected children and families. The study purpose was to better understand the perceptions of pediatric-focused advanced practice registered nurses (P-APRNs) on the impact of COVID-19 on patients and practice.A Schema of Toxic Stress Informed by Racism, Transgenerational Stress, and Disadvantage
The Toxic Stress Schema (TSS) is an ecological framework with a social justice lens for identifying and alleviating stress and strengthening social determinants of health for children and families of color impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the cumulative effects of racism and generational, systemic inequities.The Affordable Care Act, COVID-19, and Health Care Insurance for Children
Despite numerous legal and political challenges over the past decade, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA; Library of Congress, 2010) has been integrated into the health system of the United States and has played an important role in improving child health in this country by increasing access to health care for millions of children. The ACA has also provided a health care lifeline to children and families during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This policy brief reviews the legal status of the ACA, explores the impact of COVID-19 on children's access to health insurance, discusses recent legislation supporting child health, and considers the future status of child health insurance coverage and access to care.Development of a Health Disparities Index: Proof of Concept with Chest Radiography in Asthma
To develop a tool for quantifying health disparity (Health Disparity Index[HDI]) and explore hospital variation measured by this index using chest radiography (CXR) in asthma as the proof of concept.Physical, Mental Health and Developmental Conditions, and Sociodemographic Characteristics Associated With Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Young Children in Pediatric Primary Care
To examine associations between patient characteristics and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a population-based sample of pediatric primary care patients, using electronic health records and clinical, administrative data.When Families Do Not Request Help: Assessing a Social Determinants of Health Screening Tool in Practice
Using pediatric social determinants of health screening data from a large medical system, we explored social needs dislosures and identified which needs were associated with resource connection requests.Bringing Inclusion Into Pediatric Primary Health Care: A Systematic Review of the Behavioral Health Treatment of Racial and Ethnic Minority Youth
Currently, pediatric behavioral health care accounts for one of the fastest growing health care expenditures. Children representing racial and ethnic minority groups are still found to experience significant behavioral health needs. Primary health care represents the first level of contact with the health care system.
