Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
KEY WORDS
INTRODUCTION
- Moore S.A.
- Sharma R.
- Martin Ginis K.A.
- Arbour-Nicitopoulos K.P.
- Korb L.
- O'Regan D.
- Conley J.
- Dillon E.
- Briggs R.
- Courtenay K.
- Perera B.
METHODS
Problem Identification
Literature Search
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. (2022). CADTH COVID-19 search strings. https://covid.cadth.ca/literature-searching-tools/cadth-covid-19-search-strings/.

Data Evaluation
Data Analysis and Presentation
RESULTS
Samples
Author (year), country | Purpose | Design | Period | Sample | Measurements |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Becker et al., 2021 ,United States | To examine changes in adolescent sleep before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents with and without ADHD | Prospective | From September 2019 to February 2020 and from May to June 2020 | 122 adolescents aged 15–17 years with and without ADHD | SHQ, SDSC, COVID-19 Adolescent Symptom and Psychological Experience Questionnaire, Coronavirus Health Impact Survey |
Berard et al., 2021 ,France | To examine the impact of COVID-19 containment and mitigation efforts on behaviors, communication, sleep, and nutrition | Cross-sectional, descriptive | April–May 2020 | 229 ASD children and youth part of the ELENA cohort aged 2–21 years | A four-part COVID-19 parent structured questionnaire, VABS-II, CSS of the ADOS-2 |
Bıyık et al., 2021 , Turkey | To investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on body structures and functions, activity and participation levels, and environmental factors of children with CP | Prospective | May to June 2020 | 103 children with CP aged 2–18 years | COVID-19 stay-at-home cerebral palsy parental questionnaire, GMFCS-FR |
Bompard et al., 2021 , Italy
Home-based music therapy for children with developmental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X20981213 | To investigate the feasibility and impact of a home-based music therapy program to sustain children with developmental disorders secondary to neurological diseases and their parents | Prospective, monocentric, noncontrolled pilot | May to March 2020 | 12 children with developmental delay | GMFCS, SDSC, PSI-SF |
Bruni et al., 2021a ,Italy | To evaluate different responses in two clinical conditions, ASD and ADHD, regarding sleep patterns and disturbances | Descriptive | May to June 2020 | Parents of 100 ASD, 236 ADHD patients, and 340 healthy controls aged 4–18 years | A modified version of the SDSC |
Bruni et al., 2021b ,Italy | To examine the impact of home confinement (lockdown) because of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sleep patterns of children and adolescents with ADHD | Descriptive | June 2020 | 992 children with ADHD, aged 5–17 years | A modified version of the SDSC |
Bruni et al., 2022 ,Italy | To evaluate the impact of the lockdown on sleep patterns and sleep disturbances with respect to the preceding conditions in children and adolescents with ASD | Descriptive | May to June 2020 | 111 participants with ASD, aged 1–18 years | A modified version of the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) |
Çetin et al., 2020 , Turkey | To investigate the relationship between chronotype preference/sleep problems and symptom severity of children with ADHD and to assess the chronotype preference/sleep problems that may playa mediating role in the relationship between the reactions to trauma and the severity of ADHD symptoms | Cross-sectional | May 2020 | 76 children with ADHD, aged 8–12 years | CRIES-8, CSHQ, CCQ, T-DSM-IV-S |
Conti et al., 2020 ,
Behavioural and emotional changes during COVID-19 lockdown in an Italian paediatric population with neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Brain Sciences. 2020; 10: 1-15 Italy | To investigate lockdown-related emotional and behavioral changes in the pediatric neuropsychiatric population | Observational, longitudinal | Prepandemic September 2019 and February 2020; pandemic collection from April to May 2020 | 141 children with neuropsychiatric disorders aged 1.5–18 years | General questionnaire, CBCL |
Di Giorgio et al., 2021 , Italy | To investigate how the lockdown impacted children with FXS | Descriptive | April–May 2020 | 53 children with FXS, aged 3–16 years | Ad hoc survey questions about children's sleep habits, CAPES-DD |
Dondi et al., 2021 , Italy | To evaluate the effects of COVID-19 quarantine on sleep quality as an indicator of psychological well-being among children and adolescents | Cross-sectional | September–October 2020 | 6,210 children aged 0–18 years, including children affected with specific learning disabilities, ASD, other disabilities, chronic diseases, and multiple conditions | 78-question web-based survey |
Garcia et al., 2021 ,United States | To examine changes in physical activity, screen time, and sleep in adolescents with ASD because of the COVID-19 pandemic | Observational | April 2020 | Nine students with ASD, aged 16.87 ± 1.36 years | A survey measuring physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration before and during the pandemic |
Guller et al., 2021 ,
Those in the shadow of the pandemic: Impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on the mental health of children with neurodevelopmental disorders and their parents. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2021.1930827 Turkey | To investigate the emotional and behavioral responses of children with neurodevelopmental disorders and their parents during the recent novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and the associated factors | Cross-sectional | April 2020 | 299 children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders aged 2–18 years | Sociodemographic form and COVID-19 pandemic-related characteristics, HADS |
Huang et al., 2021 , China | To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ASD children and their families | Cross-sectional | May 2020 | 406 children with ASD, mean age 4.6 years (SD = 2.3) | 4-part online survey with some questions specific to sleep, SAS for parent anxiety |
Lugo-Marín et al., 2021 , Spain
COVID-19 pandemic effects in people with autism spectrum disorder and their caregivers: Evaluation of social distancing and lockdown impact on mental health and general status. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2021; 83101757 | To study the psychological impact of the lockdown because of the social emergency (COVID-19) in children/adolescents and adults diagnosed with ASD | Not specified | 8 weeks after lockdown | The sample was subdivided into two ASD groups, 37 children and adolescents (aged 3–17 years and 11 months), and 35 adults (aged ≥ 18 years) | CBCL, Symptom Checklist 90 revised (SCL-90) for adults |
Masi et al., 2021 , Australia | To examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child mental health and socioemotional and physical well-being (including sleep, diet, exercise, use of electronic media; caregiver perceptions of symptoms of child NDD and comorbidities), and caregiver mental health and well-being, social support and service use | Cross-sectional | May–June 2020 | 302 caregivers of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities aged 2–17 years | Child symptom severity and well-being, parent well-being, and service access and satisfaction questionnaire |
Mete Yesil et al., 2022 Turkey | To explore how the lives of children with special needs and their families were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic | Descriptive | Enrolled in April 2020 (approximately 6 weeks after the lockdown) | 117 children with DD, ASD, hearing or language impairments, and receiving special education, aged 4–6 years | Five-part questionnaire focusing on the amount of change caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on feeding, toilet habits, daily routines, development, physical activities, daily activities, one-on-one time durations with parents, screen time, and whether and how much they performed and maintained their previous educator-provided special education at home were collected using |
Micheletti et al., 2021 Argentina | To define the frequency and types of sleep problems in a sample of children with DDs, determine the proportion of pediatricians who addressed such difficulties, assess the effects of SH, and describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep | Quasi-experimental | May 2020 | 161 children with DDs, ages 1–6 years, who attended clinic visits between July 2019 and March 2020 with follow-up before July 2020 | Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, Spanish version (CSHQ-S), completed before and after interventions |
Moore et al., 2021 Canada
Adverse Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Movement and Play Behaviours of Children and Youth Living with Disabilities: Findings from the National Physical Activity Measurement (NPAM) Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18: 12950 | To assess parent-perceived changes in physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep quality and quantity because of COVID-19 restrictions | Not specified | April and May 2020 | 151 children with disabilities aged 4–17 years | Online survey adapted from the Canadian Health Measures Survey, amended version of the 2020 COVID-19 and Childhood Movement behaviors survey |
Mutluer et al., 2020 ,Turkey | To investigate how individuals with ASD responded to COVID-19 regarding their comprehension and adherence to implemented measures, changes in their behavioral problems, and how their caregivers’ anxiety levels relate to these behavioral changes | Not specified | During the last 1-month, COVID-19 measures were implemented | 87 individuals with ASD, mean age 13.96 ± 6.1, and age range of 3–29 years | ABC, PSQI, BAI |
Navarro-Soria et al., 2021 ,Spain | To evaluate the consequences of the lockdown in children and teenagers diagnosed with ADHD, sleep-related problems, and problems with executive functions | Associative-comparative and explanatory | April 2020 | 234 children divided into two groups, confined ADHD and confined non-ADHD, aged 6–18 years | STAIC self-assessment questionnaire, BEARS sleep-screening tool for sleep disorders in childhood, BDEFS- CA, short form |
Nithya et al., 2021 , India | To systematically assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ADL, play, and sensory behaviors of children with ASD | Cross-sectional | Approved January 2021. performed for 1 month | 100 children with ASD, ages 2 to above 10 years | A structured ADL, play, and sensory behavior questionnaire (45 items) |
Polónyiová et al., 2022 ,Slovakia | To explore how the first and second waves of the COVID-19 outbreak affected the mental health of families in Slovakia, focusing on comparing families with autistic children to a general sample. Focused on the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among the parents and maladaptive behavior or sleep disturbances of their children and their correlations | Not specified | First wave from June to July 2020, and second wave from November to December 2020 | 332 caregivers, 155 having children with ASD (179 surveyed during the first wave and 153 during the second wave) | DASS-42 subscales of Vineland-3 questionnaire |
Rabbani et al., 2021 , Bangladesh | To evaluate behavioral patterns of risk and resilience for children with ASD | Longitudinal | November 2019–November 2020 | 150 children with ASD, aged 2–9 years | Two mCARE tools assessed 30 behavioral parameters |
Rosenthal et al., 2022 , United States | To examine the impact of COVID-19 on youth with ADHD during two stages of the pandemic | Longitudinal | May 2020 and March 2021 | 620 youth with ADHD and 614 individually matched controls participating in the ABCD study | Prepandemic functioning: KSADS-5, ABCD PMP, ABCD PMQ, ABCD SRPF Pandemic functioning: COVID RRR |
Scarselli et al., 2022 , Italy | To study the change in sleep habits of children with ASD during the COVID-19 pandemic | Not specified | April–June 2020 | 28 children with ASD, aged 2–6 years | CSHQ |
Swansburg et al., 2021 ,Canada | To understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lifestyle habits, mental health symptoms, and ADHD behaviors in children with ADHD | Not specified | May to June 2020 | 587 children with ADHD, aged 5–18 years | Survey with lifestyle questions; PHQ-9, GAD-7, SNAP-IV |
Tokatly Latzer et al., 2021 ,Israel | To explore and characterize in depth the experiences of parents and children with autism who have been going through the COVID-19 lockdown | Qualitative | April 2020 | 25 children with autism, aged 4–6 years | Semistructured telephone interviews |
Trivisano et al., 2020 , Italy | To assess how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected children with epilepsy | Not specified | May 2020 | 3,321 responses to the survey (96.6% caregivers of patients aged 0 to > 18 years), 59.7% of patients had an intellectual disability, and 44.3% had behavioral disturbances | 45-item questionnaire |
Türkoğlu et al., 2020 ,Turkey | To investigate the relationship between chronotype preference/sleep problems and symptom severity of children with ASD during the confinement and social isolation of the COVID-19 outbreak | Not specified | May 2020 | 46 drug-naive children with ASD, aged 4–17 years | AuBC, CSHQ, and CCQ |
Ueda et al., 2021 , Japan
The quality of life of children with neurodevelopmental disorders and their parents during the coronavirus disease 19 emergency in Japan. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11: 3042 | To evaluate how the QOL of children and their parents has been affected by changes in the sleep cycles of children with NDDs and stresses caused by mothers’ work patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic | Not specified | April–May 2020 | 136 school-age children with IDD, mean age 10.6 ± 2.6 | CBCL, WISC-IV, WHO-QOL-BREF, CES-D, STAI, PSI |
Outcome Measures
Findings
ASD, ADHD, and controls: Validated sleep tool
ASD: Validated sleep tools
- Bompard S.
- Liuzzi T.
- Staccioli S.
- D'Arienzo F.
- Khosravi S.
- Giuliani R.
- Castelli E.
- Bompard S.
- Liuzzi T.
- Staccioli S.
- D'Arienzo F.
- Khosravi S.
- Giuliani R.
- Castelli E.
ASD: Surveys
- Lugo-Marín J.
- Gisbert-Gustemps L.
- Setien-Ramos I.
- Español-Martín G.
- Ibañez-Jimenez P.
- Forner-Puntonet M.
- Arteaga-Henríquez G.
- Soriano-Día A.
- Duque-Yemail J.D.
- Ramos-Quiroga J.A.
ASD: Study-specific tools
ASD: Qualitative
ADHD: Validated sleep tools
ADHD: Surveys
Neurodevelopmental groups: Validated sleep tools
- Bompard S.
- Liuzzi T.
- Staccioli S.
- D'Arienzo F.
- Khosravi S.
- Giuliani R.
- Castelli E.
Neurodevelopmental groups: Surveys
- Conti E.
- Sgandurra G.
- De Nicola G.
- Biagioni T.
- Boldrini S.
- Bonaventura E.
- Buchignani B.
- Della Vecchia S.
- Falcone F.
- Fedi C.
- Gazzillo M.
- Marinella G.
- Mazzullo C.
- Micomonaco J.
- Pantalone G.
- Salvati A.
- Sesso G.
- Simonelli V.
- Tolomei G.
- Battini R.
- Guller B.
- Yaylaci F.
- Eyuboglu D.
- Moore S.A.
- Sharma R.
- Martin Ginis K.A.
- Arbour-Nicitopoulos K.P.
- Ueda R.
- Okada T.
- Kita Y.
- Ozawa Y.
- Inoue H.
- Shioda M.
- Kono Y.
- Kono C.
- Nakamura Y.
- Amemiya K.
- Ito A.
- Sugiura N.
- Matsuoka Y.
- Kaiga C.
- Kubota M.
- Ozawa H.
Specific conditions: Surveys
DISCUSSION
- Bompard S.
- Liuzzi T.
- Staccioli S.
- D'Arienzo F.
- Khosravi S.
- Giuliani R.
- Castelli E.
- Ueda R.
- Okada T.
- Kita Y.
- Ozawa Y.
- Inoue H.
- Shioda M.
- Kono Y.
- Kono C.
- Nakamura Y.
- Amemiya K.
- Ito A.
- Sugiura N.
- Matsuoka Y.
- Kaiga C.
- Kubota M.
- Ozawa H.
- Williams Buckley A.
- Hirtz D.
- Oskoui M.
- Armstrong M.J.
- Batra A.
- Bridgemohan C.
- Coury D.
- Dawson G.
- Donley D.
- Findling R.L.
- Gaughan T.
- Gloss D.
- Gronseth G.
- Kessler R.
- Merillat S.
- Michelson D.
- Owens J.
- Pringsheim T.
- Sikich L.
- Ashwal S.
Screening tool | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|
BEARS | BEARS is divided into 5 major sleep domains (B = Bedtime Issues, E = Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, A = Night Awakenings, R = Regularity and Duration of Sleep, S = Snoring). Each sleep domain has a set of age-appropriate “trigger questions” for use in the clinical interview | Owens and Dalzell, 2005 |
CSHQ | The 33-item scale consists of eight subscales: (1) Bedtime Resistance; (2) Sleep Onset Delay; (3) Sleep Duration; (4) Sleep Anxiety; (5) Night Wakings; (6) parasomnias; (7) Sleep-Disordered Breathing; and (8) Daytime Sleepiness | Owens et al., 2000 |
FISH | The 22-item scale gathers comprehensive sleep habits information about daytime habits, prebedtime habits, presence of a bedtime routine, sleep environment, and parental behaviors surrounding bedtime | Malow et al., 2009 |
MSPSQ | Fifty-one items are structured in two parts: Part 1 targets sleep quantity and quality, and Part 2 targets specific sleep disorders. The 36 items scored on a Likert scale pertain to six common sleep problem categories: bedtime resistance/struggles, sleep onset delay, parasomnias, sleep-disordered breathing, sleep anxiety, and daytime sleepiness | Simonds and Parraga, 1982 |
Sleep diaries | Various diaries are available to record information on a nightly basis. Preferred measurement for more detailed assessment of sleep-wake rhythms. Highly correlated to actigraphy for monitoring sleep schedule | Sadeh, 2008 |
Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children | 26 Likert-type items were divided into six categories items into six categories: disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, sleep breathing disorders, disorders of arousal/nightmares, sleep-wake transition disorders, disorders of excessive somnolence, and sleep hyperhidrosis (nighttime sweating) | Bruni et al., 1996 |
Autism Treatment Network. (2010). Sleep Toolkit. https://hollandbloorview.ca/sites/default/files/migrate/files/ATNAIRPPhysicianASDSleepToolkitHandout.pdf.
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Conflicts of interest: None to report.