Abstract
Introduction
The negative consequences of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in children have been
well documented. Our objective is to assess whether children of unplanned pregnancies
are at increased risk for ETS exposure.
Method
Data were collected through interviews of mothers who accompanied their children to
the Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan. Associations of ETS exposure
with unplanned pregnancy were analyzed using the χ2 test and stratified by maternal smoking status. Results from the bivariate analysis
were further verified using a multiple logistic regression method to control for significant
covariates.
Results
Among the sample of 399 children, 125 (31.3%) were born from unplanned pregnancies;
47.2% of the unplanned children and 25.6% of the planned children were exposed to
ETS (χ2 = 18.4, p < .01). Unplanned children of non-smoking mothers also experienced higher levels
of exposure to ETS compared with planned children (22.45% vs. 10.05%, χ2 = 5.50, p < .05). The association remained significant after controlling for covariates (adjusted
odds ratio = 2.45; 95% confidence interval = 1.03, 5.84; p < .05).
Discussion
Findings of this study suggest the importance of preventing ETS in urban children,
particularly those from unplanned pregnancies.
Key Words
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Journal of Pediatric Health CareAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Environmental tobacco smoke and middle ear disease in preschool-age children.Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1998; 152: 127-133
- Passive smoking and sudden infant death syndrome: Review of the epidemiological evidence.Thorax. 1997; 52: 1003-1009
- Working class matters: Socioeconomic disadvantage, race/ethnicity, gender, and smoking in NHIS 2000.American Journal of Public Health. 2004; 94: 269-278
- Home and parenting resources available to siblings depending on their birth intention status.Child Development. 2009; 80: 921-939
- Influences on parents’ decisions for home and automobile smoking bans in households with smokers.Patient Education and Counseling. 2009; 74: 272-276
- Test-retest reliability of web-based retrospective self-report of tobacco exposure and risk.Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2009; 11: e35
- The best intentions: Unintended pregnancy and the well-being of children and families.National Academies Press, Washington, DC1995
- Proposed identification of environmental tobacco smoke as a toxic air contaminant. Part B: Health effects.California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Sacramento, CA2005
- Parental smoking and childhood asthma: Clinical implications.Treatments in Respiratory Medicine. 2005; 4: 337-346
- Sources, locations and predictors of environmental tobacco smoke exposure among young children from inner-city families.Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2010; (Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2010.04.014)
- Polymorphisms in metabolic genes CYP1A1 and GSTM1 and changes in maternal smoking during pregnancy.Nicotine Tobacco Research. 2009; 11: 225-233
- Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in low-income 6-year-olds: Parent report and urine cotinine measures.Nicotine Tobacco Research. 2003; 5: 333-339
- Association between pregnancy intention and reproductive health–related behaviors before and after pregnancy recognition, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2002.Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2010; 14: 373-381
- Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in naturalistic settings.American Journal of Public Health. 1992; 82: 24-28
- Association of prenatal maternal or postnatal child environmental tobacco smoke exposure and neurodevelopmental and behavioral problems in children.Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999; 107: 991-1000
- Disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States, 1994 and 2001.Perspectives On Sexual And Reproductive Health. 2006; 38: 90-96
- Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children.American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001; 163: 429-436
- Prenatal tobacco smoke and postnatal secondhand smoke exposure and child neurodevelopment.Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2008; 20: 184-190
- Reducing children’s exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: The empirical evidence and directions for future research.Tobacco Control. 2000; 2000: II40-II47
- Predicting maternal behaviors during pregnancy: Does intention status matter?.Family Planning Perspectives. 1998; 30: 79-88
- An analysis of the effectiveness of interventions intended to help people stop smoking.Archives of Internal Medicine. 1995; 155: 1933-1941
- Systematic review of the literature on postpartum care: Effectiveness of interventions for smoking relapse prevention, cessation, and reduction in postpartum women.Birth. 2007; 34: 341-347
- Meta-analysis on the association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and the prevalence of lower respiratory tract infection in early childhood.Pediatric Pulmonology. 1999; 27: 5-13
- Maternal demographic and psychosocial factors associated with low birth weight in eastern Taiwan.The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. 2005; 21: 502-510
- Unintended pregnancy and prenatal behaviors among urban, black women in Baltimore, Maryland: The Baltimore preterm birth study.Annals of Epidemiology. 2008; 18: 545-551
- Unintended pregnancy and preterm birth.Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2000; 14: 309-313
- Adult smoking as a proxy for environmental tobacco smoke exposure among children: Comparing the impact of the level of information in Estonia, Finland and Latvia.Preventive Medicine. 2009; 49: 240-244
- Women who remember, women who do not: A methodological study of maternal recall of smoking in pregnancy.Nicotine Tobacco Research. 2009; 11: 1166-1174
- Smoking relapse one year after delivery among women who quit smoking during pregnancy.International Journal of Occupational Medicine & Environmental Health. 2005; 18: 159-165
- Agreement between maternal report and antenatal records for a range of pre and peri-natal factors: The influence of maternal and child characteristics.Early Human Development. 2007; 83: 497-504
- Pregnancy intentions, pregnancy attitudes, and the use of prenatal care in Missouri.Maternal Child Health Journal. 1998; 2: 155-165
- Are women with an unintended pregnancy less likely to breastfeed?.The Journal of Family Practice. 2002; 51: 431-436
- Intent to become pregnant as a predictor of exposures during pregnancy: Is there a relation?.The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 2005; 50: 389-396
- The costs of teen childbearing, teen pregnancy and overall child well-being, teen pregnancy, poverty, and income (why it matters).Author, Washington, DC2008
- Parent-reported environmental tobacco smoke exposure among preadolescents and adolescents treated for cancer.Psychooncology. 2004; 13: 537-546
- The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: A report of the surgeon general.U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, GA2006
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2007). Children and secondhand smoke exposure (Excerpts from the health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: A report of the surgeon general). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
- Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among children presenting to the emergency department with acute asthma: A multicenter study.Pediatric Pulmonology. 2007; 42: 646-655
- Racial differences in exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among children.Environmental Health Perspectives. 2005; 113: 362-367
- Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and cognitive abilities among U.S. children and adolescents.Environmental Health Perspectives. 2005; 113: 98-103
Biography
Yuanjing Ren, Graduate Assistant, Department of Community Health and Sustainability, University of Massachusetts–Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Biography
Xinguang Chen, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
Biography
Bonita Stanton, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
Article info
Publication history
Published online: September 20, 2010
Footnotes
This research was supported by Children’s Research Center of Michigan, Detroit, MI.
Conflicts of interest: None to report.
Identification
Copyright
© 2012 National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
