Journal of Pediatric Health Care
Volume 24, Issue 4 , Pages 231-240 , July 2010

When Size Matters: A Clinical Review of Pathological Micropenis

  • Shirley Tsang, MS, RN, CPNP

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence: Shirley Tsang, MS, RN, CPNP

References 

  1. Arisaka O, Hoshi M, Kanazawa S, Nakajima D, Numata M, Kuribayashi T, et al. Systemic effects of transdermal testosterone for the treatment of microphallus in children. Pediatrics International. 2001;43:134–136
  2. Baskin L, Sutherland R, DiSandro M, Hayward S, Lipschutz J, Cunha G. The effect of testosterone on androgen receptors and human penile growth. The Journal of Urology. 1997;158:1113–1118
  3. Bertelloni S, Scaramuzzo R, Parrini D, Baldinotti F, Tumini S, Ghirri P. Early diagnosis of 5α-reductase deficiency in newborns. Sexual Development. 2007;1:147–151
  4. Boas M, Boisen K, Virtanen H, Kaleva M, Suomi A, Schmidt I, et al. Postnatal penile length and growth rate correlate to serum testosterone levels: A longitudinal study of 1962 normal boys. Society of the European Journal of Endocrinology. 2006;154:125–129
  5. Borsellino A, Spagnoli A, Vallasciani S, Martini L, Ferro F. Surgical approach to concealed penis: technical refinements and outcome. Urology. 2007;69:1195–1198
  6. Byne W. Developmental endocrine influences on gender identity, implications for management of disorders of sex development. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine. 2006;73:950–959
  7. Canning D. The androgen insensitive micropenis: Long-term follow-up into adulthood: Editorial comment. The Journal of Urology. 2006;175:310
  8. Charmandari E, Dattania M, Perry L, Hindmarsha P, Brooka C. Kinetics and effect of percutaneous administration of dihydrotestosterone in children. Hormone Research. 2001;56:177–181
  9. Custer J, Rau R. The Harriet Lane handbook. In:  Ballel S,  McIntosh P editor. Endocrinology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2009;p. 269–300
  10. De Castro, R., Merlini, E., Rigamonti, W., & Macedo, A. Phalloplasty and urethroplasty in children with penile agenesis: Preliminary report. The Journal of Urology, 177, 1112–1117.
  11. De Roux N, Genin E, Carel J, Matsuda F, Chaussain J, Milgrom E. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to loss of function of the KiSS1-derived peptide receptor GPR54. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003;100:10972–10976
  12. Fechner A, Fong S, McGovern P. A review of Kallmann syndrome: Genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey. 2008;63:189–194
  13. Gad Y, Nasr H, Mazen I, Salah N, El-Ridi R. 5α- reductase deficiency in patients with micropenis. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1997;20:95–101
  14. Galani A, Kitsiou-Tzeli S, Sofokleous C, Kanavakis E, Kalpini-Mavrou A. Androgen insensitivity syndrome: Clinical features and molecular defects. Hormones. 2008;7:217–229
  15. Gearhart J, Rink R, Mouriquand P. Pediatric urology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2001;
  16. Husmann D. The androgen insensitive micropenis: Long-term follow-up into adulthood. The Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2004;17:1037–1041
  17. Kaya C, Bektic J, Radmayr C, Schwentner C, Bartsch G, Oswald J. The efficacy of dihydrotestosterone transdermal gel before primary hypospadias surgery: A prospective, controlled, randomized study. Journal of Urology. 2008;179:684–688
  18. Kohler B, Lumbroso S, Leger J, Audran F, Sarret Grau E, Kurtz F, et al. Androgen insensitivity syndrome: Somatic mosaicism of the androgen receptor in seven families and consequences for sex assignment and genetic counseling. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2005;90:106–111
  19. Lee P, Houk C. Outcome studies among men with micropenis. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2004;17:1043–1053
  20. Lee P, Mazure T, Danish R, Amrhein J, Blizzard R, Money J, et al. Micropenis. I. Criteria, etiologies and classification. The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal. 1980;146:156–163
  21. Ludwig G. Micropenis and apparent micropenis—a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Andrologia. 1999;31:27–30
  22. Main K, Schmidt IM, Toppari J, Skakkebaek N. Early postnatal treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with recombinant human FSH and LH. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2002;146:75–79
  23. Menon P, Khatwa U. The child with micropenis. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2000;67:455–460
  24. Nelson C, Park J, Wan J, Bloom D, Dunn R, Wei J. The increasing incidence of congenital penile anomalies in the United States. The Journal of Urology. 2005;174:1573–1576
  25. Ong Y, Wong H, Yong E. Directed pharmacological therapy of ambiguous genitalia due to an androgen receptor gene mutation. The Lancet. 1999;354:1444–1445
  26. Ozbey H, Temiz A, Salman T. Point of technique: A simple method for measuring penile length in newborns and infants. BJU International. 1999;84:1093–1094
  27. Stein M, Sandberg D, Mazur T, Eugster E, Daaboul J. A newborn infant with a disorder of sexual differentiation. Pediatrics. 2004;114:1473–1476
  28. Sultan C, Paris F, Terouanne B, Balaguer P, Georget V, Poujol N, et al. Disorders linked to insufficient androgen action in male children. European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. 2001;7:314–322
  29. Tietjen D, Uramoto G, Tindall D, Husmann D. Micropenis in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: Response of the penile androgen receptor to testosterone treatment. The Journal of Urology. 1998;160:1054–1057
  30. Vogt K. (2006). Microphallus. Emedicine from WebMD. Retrieved November 12, 2007, fromhttp://www.emedicine.com/PED/topic1448.htm.
  31. Waldert M, Lusuardi L, Remzi M, Seitz C, Waldhauser F, Marberger M, et al. Long term results of testosterone treatment for micropenis in early childhood. European Urology Supplements. 2005;4:99
  32. Wisniewski A, Migeon C. Long-term perspectives for 46, XY patients affected by complete androgen insensitivity syndrome or congenital micropenis. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2002;20:297–304
  33. Zenaty D, Dijoud F, Morel Y, Cabrol S, Mouriquand P, Nicolino M, et al. Bilateral anorchia in infancy: Occurrence of micropenis and the effect of testosterone treatment. Journal of Pediatrics. 2006;149:687–691

 Conflicts of interest: None to report.

PII: S0891-5245(09)00140-0

doi: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2009.05.001

Journal of Pediatric Health Care
Volume 24, Issue 4 , Pages 231-240 , July 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution