Journal of Pediatric Health Care
Volume 21, Issue 6 , Pages 385-391 , November 2007

Special Immunization Considerations of the Preterm Infant

  • Ashraf Gad, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence: Ashraf Gad, MD, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, HSCT11060, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8111
  • ,
  • Shetal Shah, MD

References 

  1. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Use of vaccines and immune globulins for persons with altered immunocompetence. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1993;42(RR-4):1–18
  2. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Withdrawal of rotavirus vaccine recommendation. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1999;48:1007
  3. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States. Part 1: Immunization of infants, children, and adolescents. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2005;54(RR-16):1–31
  4. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adolescents: Use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccines. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2006;55(RR-3):1–34
  5. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adults: Use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and recommendation of ACIP, supported by the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), for use of Tdap among health-care personnel. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2006;55(RR-17):1–37
  6. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Prevention and control of influenza. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2006;55(RR-10):1–42
  7. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2006;55(RR-12):1–13
  8. American Academy of Pediatrics. Hepatitis B (Red Book). 26th ed.. Elk Grove Village, IL: Author; 2003;
  9. Bernbaum J, Daft A, Samuelson J, Polin RA. Half-dose immunization for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis: Response of preterm infants. Pediatrics. 1989;83:471–476
  10. Bhat N, Wright JG, Broder KR, Murray EL, Greenberg ME, Glover MJ, et al. Influenza-associated deaths among children in the United States, 2003-2004. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;353:2559–2567
  11. Bisgard KM, Pascual FB, Ehresmann KR, Miller CA, Cianfrini C, Jennings CE, et al. Infant pertussis: Who was the source?. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2004;23:985–989
  12. Campion EW. Suspicions about the safety of vaccines. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;347:1474–1475
  13. Dales L, Hammer SJ, Smith NJ. Time trends in autism and in MMR immunization coverage in California. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001;285:1183–1185
  14. Davis RL, Rubanowice D, Shinefield HR, Lewis N, Gu D, Black SB, et al. Immunization levels among premature and low-birth-weight infants and risk factors for delayed up-to-date immunization status (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine Safety Datalink Group). The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999;282:547–553
  15. Ehrenkranz RA, Younes N, Lemons JA, Fanaroff AA, Donovan EF, Wright LL, et al. Longitudinal growth of hospitalized very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 1999;104(2 Pt 1):280–289
  16. Gonzalez M, Pirez MC, Ward E, Dibarboure H, Garcia A, Picolet H. Safety and immunogenicity of a paediatric presentation of an influenza vaccine. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2000;83:488–491
  17. Groseclose SL, Brathwaite WS, Hall PA, Connor FJ, Sharp P, Anderson WJ, et al. Summary of notifiable diseases—United States, 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2004;51(53):1–84
  18. Hewlett EL, Edwards KM. Clinical practice (Pertussis—not just for kids). The New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;352:1215–1222
  19. Huang FY, Lee PI, Lee CY, Huang LM, Chang LY, Liu SC. Hepatitis B vaccination in preterm infants (Archives of Disease in Childhood). Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1997;77:F135–F138
  20. Izurieta HS, Thompson WW, Kramarz P, Shay DK, Davis RL, DeStefano F, et al. Influenza and the rates of hospitalization for respiratory disease among infants and young children. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;342:232–239
  21. Kirmani KI, Lofthus G, Pichichero ME, Voloshen T, D’Angio CT. Seven-year follow-up of vaccine response in extremely premature infants. Pediatrics. 2002;109:498–504
  22. Langkamp DL, Hoshaw-Woodard S, Boye ME, Lemeshow S. Delays in receipt of immunizations in low-birth-weight children: A nationally representative sample. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2001;155:167–172
  23. Lee BP, Azimi PH, Staat MA, Louie L, Parada E, Berke T, et al. Nonmedical costs associated with rotavirus disease requiring hospitalization. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2005;24:984–988
  24. Lee GM, Lebaron C, Murphy TV, Lett S, Schauer S, Lieu TA. Pertussis in adolescents and adults: Should we vaccinate?. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1675–1684
  25. Linder N, Vishne TH, Levin E, Handsher R, Fink-Kremer I, Waldman D, et al. Hepatitis B vaccination: Long-term follow-up of the immune response of preterm infants and comparison of two vaccination protocols. Infection. 2002;30:136–139
  26. Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, Schendel D, Wohlfahrt J, Thorsen P, et al. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;347:1477–1482
  27. Neuzil KM, Mellen BG, Wright PF, Mitchel EF, Griffin MR. The effect of influenza on hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and courses of antibiotics in children. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;342:225–231
  28. Newman RD, Grupp-Phelan J, Shay DK, Davis RL. Perinatal risk factors for infant hospitalization with viral gastroenteritis. Pediatrics. 1999;103:E3
  29. Offit PA, Quarles J, Gerber MA, Hackett CJ, Marcuse EK, Kollman TR, et al. Addressing parents’ concerns: do multiple vaccines overwhelm or weaken the infant’s immune system?. Pediatrics. 2002;109:124–129
  30. Pelosi JW, Schulte JM. Use of birth certificates and surveillance data to characterize reported pertussis among Texas infants and young children, 1995 to 2000. Southern Medical Journal. 2003;96:1231–1237
  31. Prober CG. Clinical approach to the infected neonate (Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1997;
  32. Pullan CR, Hull D. Routine immunization of preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1989;64:1438–1441
  33. Ramsay ME, Miller E, Ashworth LA, Coleman TJ, Rush M, Waight PA. Adverse events and antibody response to accelerated immunisation in term and preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1995;72:230–232
  34. Saari TN. Immunization of preterm and low birth weight infants (American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases). Pediatrics. 2003;112(1 Pt 1):193–198
  35. Schloesser RL, Fischer D, Otto W, Rettwitz-Volk W, Herden P, Zielen S. Safety and immunogenicity of an acellular pertussis vaccine in premature infants. Pediatrics. 1999;103:e60
  36. Shah S, Caprio M. Optimizing long-term care by administration of influenza vaccine to parents of NICU patients. Journal of Perinatology. 2004;24:273–274
  37. Slack MH, Schapira D. Severe apneas following immunisation in premature infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood, Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1999;81:F67–F68
  38. Slack MH, Schapira D, Thwaites RJ, Schapira C, Bamber J, Burrage M, et al. Acellular pertussis vaccine given by accelerated schedule: Response of preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood, Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2004;89:F57–F60
  39. Talbot TR, Crocker DD, Peters J, Doersam JK, Ikizler MR, Sannella E, et al. Duration of virus shedding after trivalent intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccination in adults. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2005;26:494–500
  40. Tan T, Halperin S, Cherry JD, Edwards K, Englund JA, Glezen P, et al. Pertussis immunization in the global pertussis initiative North American region: Recommended strategies and implementation considerations. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2005;24:S83–S86
  41. Tanaka M, Vitek CR, Pascual FB, Bisgard KM, Tate JE, Murphy TV. Trends in pertussis among infants in the United States, 1980-1999. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;290:2968–2975
  42. Taylor B, Miller E, Lingam R, Andrews N, Simmons A, Stowe J. Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: Population study. British Medical Journal. 2002;324:393–396
  43. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Bridges CB, Cox NJ, et al. Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004;292:1333–1340
  44. Tillmann BU, Tillmann HC, Nars PW, Weber P. Vaccination rate and age of premature infants weighing <1500 g: A pilot study in north-western Switzerland. Acta Paediatrica. 2001;90:1421–1426
  45. Vesikari T, Matson DO, Dennehy P, Van Damme P, Santosham M, Rodriguez Z, et al. Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2006;354:23–33
  46. Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, Malik M, et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. 1998;351:637–641
  47. Wolfe RM, Sharp LK, Lipsky MS. Content and design attributes of antivaccination web sites. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002;287:3245–3248
  48. Wortis N, Strebel PM, Wharton M, Bardenheier B, Hardy IR. Pertussis deaths: Report of 23 cases in the United States, 1992 and 1993. Pediatrics. 1996;97:607–612
  49. Yusuf HR, Daniels D, Smith P, Coronado V, Rodewald L. Association between administration of hepatitis B vaccine at birth and completion of the hepatitis B and 4:3:1:3 vaccine series. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000;284:978–983

PII: S0891-5245(07)00177-0

doi: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2007.05.005

Journal of Pediatric Health Care
Volume 21, Issue 6 , Pages 385-391 , November 2007